Barbarossa − Bar(bar)ossa − Barbossa: The permanence of the Black Legend as a discourse of otherness
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.16921/chasqui.v0i137.3227Keywords:
black legend, propaganda, otherness, politics of representationAbstract
This article explores contemporary cultural appropriations of the Black Legend, a 16th and 17th century narrative used as a propagandistic strategy addressed to criticize Spain’s imperial mission in America. First, this article reviews geopolitical reasons that prompted politics of representation against Spain. It is argued that these forms of representation were aimed to identify Spain as an internal Other opposite to any European civilizing project. In the second part of this article, contemporary appropriations of the Black Legend are analyzed to show how this discourse is still present in stereotypes and clichés of a variety of cultural products. Accordingly, politics of representation of the film series of The Pirates of the Caribbean is reviewed.References
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Beverly, J. (1993). Against Literature. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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Burke, P. (2003 [1995]). La construcción de Luis XIV. Madrid: Nerea.
Companys, J. (1998). La prensa amarilla norteamericana en 1898. Madrid: Sílex.
Dorfman, A. & Mattelart, A. (1995 [1972]). Para leer al Pato Donald. México: Siglo XXI Editores.
Fernández Retamar, R. (1989). Caliban and other essays. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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García Fernández (2007). Seis y media docena: Propaganda de atrocidades y opinión británica durante la Guerra Civil Española. Hispania Revista Española de Historia, 67, (226), 671-692.
García Ferreira, R. (2006). La CIA y el exilio de Jacobo Árbenz. Perfiles, 28, 59-82.
Giroux, H. (2001) The Mouse that Roared: Disney and the End of Innocence. N. Y.: Rowman and Littlefield.
Greer, M. R., Mignolo, W., & Quilligan, M. (2007). Rereading the Black Legend the discourses of religious and racial difference in the Renaissance empires. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Griffin, E. (2009). Nationalism, the Black Legend, and the revised Spanish Tragedy. English Literary Renaissance, 39(2), 336-370.
Hanke, L. (1949). The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hartog, F. (2003). El espejo de Heródoto. Ensayo sobre la representación del otro. Buenos Aires: FCE.
Helsby, W (2005). Roughs and Respectables: Representing the Other. In W. Helsby (ed.) Understanding Representation (pp. 143-166). London: BFI.
Horwitz, T. (2006, 9 de julio). Immigration — and the Curse of the Black Legend. New York Times. https://nyti.ms/2m9CToj.
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Maltby, W. (1971). The Black Legend in England. The development of anti-Spanish sentiment, 1558–1660. Durham: Duke University Press.
Maura, J. F. (2006). La hispanofobia a través de algunos textos de la conquista de América: propaganda política y frivolidad académica. Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 58(2), 213-240.
McQuillan, M. and Byrne, E. (1999) Deconstructing Disney. London: Pluto.
Montero Jiménez, J. A. (2008). Imágenes, ideología y propaganda. La labor del Comité de Información Pública de los Estados Unidos en España (1917-1918). Hispania. Revista Española de Historia, 68 (228), 211-234.
Montrose, J. (1991). The Work of Gender in the Discourse of Discovery. Representations, 33. 1-41.
Paris, E. (2015). From Tolerance to Tyranny: A Cautionary Tale from Fifteenth-Century Spain. Toronto: Cormorant Books [Kindle edition]
Powell, P. W. (1971). Tree of hate. Propaganda and prejudices affecting United States relations with the Hispanic world. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Rabasa, J. (2000). Writing Violence on the Northern Frontier: The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century New Mexico and Florida and the Legacy of Conquest. Durham: Duke University Press.
Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. N.Y.: Vintage Books.
Sánchez, J.P. (2013). Comparative Colonialism, the Spanish Black Legend, and Spain's Legacy in the United States: Perspectives on American Latino Heritage and Our National Story. New Mexico: Spanish Colonial Research Center.
Seth, V. (2010). Men completely wild in appearance and way of life: Satyrs, Androgynes, Ichtyophages, Hippopodes, Sciopodes, Himantipodes, and Cyclopes. In K. Bassi & P. Euben (coords.) When Worlds Elide: Classics, Politics, Culture. N.Y.: Lexington Books.
Smoodin, E. (Ed.) (1994) Disney Discourse: Producing the Magic Kingdom. N.Y.: Routledge.
Taibo II, P. I. (2012). El Álamo. Una historia no apta para Hollywood. México: Planeta.
Weber, (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America (The Lamar Series in Western History). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Álvarez, A. (1966). Enciclopedia Álvarez, Tercer grado. Valladolid: Miñón.
Amago, S. (2005). Why Spaniards make good bad guys: Sergi López and the persistence of the black legend in contemporary European cinema. Film Criticism, 30(1), 41-63.
Beverly, J. (1993). Against Literature. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Brannigan, J. (1999). History, Power and Politics in the Literary Artifact. In J. Wolfreys (Ed.) Literary Theories. A Reader & Guide (pp. 417-427). New York: NY UP
Burke, P. (2003 [1995]). La construcción de Luis XIV. Madrid: Nerea.
Companys, J. (1998). La prensa amarilla norteamericana en 1898. Madrid: Sílex.
Dorfman, A. & Mattelart, A. (1995 [1972]). Para leer al Pato Donald. México: Siglo XXI Editores.
Fernández Retamar, R. (1989). Caliban and other essays. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Foucault, M. (2002). Defender la sociedad (2ª ed.). México: FCE.
Fuchs, B. (2007). The Spanish Race. In Greer, M. R., Mignolo, W., & Quilligan, M. (Eds.), Rereading the Black Legend the discourses of religious and racial difference in the Renaissance empires (pp. 88-98). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Galeano E. (2002 [1971]). Las venas abiertas de América Latina (74ª ed.). México: Siglo XXI Editores.
García Fernández (2007). Seis y media docena: Propaganda de atrocidades y opinión británica durante la Guerra Civil Española. Hispania Revista Española de Historia, 67, (226), 671-692.
García Ferreira, R. (2006). La CIA y el exilio de Jacobo Árbenz. Perfiles, 28, 59-82.
Giroux, H. (2001) The Mouse that Roared: Disney and the End of Innocence. N. Y.: Rowman and Littlefield.
Greer, M. R., Mignolo, W., & Quilligan, M. (2007). Rereading the Black Legend the discourses of religious and racial difference in the Renaissance empires. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Griffin, E. (2009). Nationalism, the Black Legend, and the revised Spanish Tragedy. English Literary Renaissance, 39(2), 336-370.
Hanke, L. (1949). The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hartog, F. (2003). El espejo de Heródoto. Ensayo sobre la representación del otro. Buenos Aires: FCE.
Helsby, W (2005). Roughs and Respectables: Representing the Other. In W. Helsby (ed.) Understanding Representation (pp. 143-166). London: BFI.
Horwitz, T. (2006, 9 de julio). Immigration — and the Curse of the Black Legend. New York Times. https://nyti.ms/2m9CToj.
Huntington, S. (2004). Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster.
Juderías y Loyot, J. (1914). La Leyenda Negra y la verdad histórica. Madrid: Tip. de la “Revista de Arch., Bibl. y Museos”.
Keen, B. (1969). The Black Legend revisited. Assumptions and realities. The Hispanic American Historical Review. 49(4), 703-719.
Kim, S. (2004). Beyond black and white: race and postmodernism in the Lord of the Rings films. Modern Fiction Studies, 50, (4), 875-907
Knapp, J. (2007). Nations into persons. In Greer, M. R., Mignolo, W., & Quilligan, M. (Eds.) Rereading the Black Legend the discourses of religious and racial difference in the Renaissance empires (pp. 293-311). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Larsen, N. (1995). Reading North by South. On Latin American Literature Culture and Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Leguineche, M. (1998). “Yo pondré la guerra”: Cuba 1898, la primera guerra que se inventó la prensa. Madrid: El País-Aguilar.
Leetoy, S. (2009). Las justificaciones de la guerra de Conquista a través de la mitología del Otro: Las dicotomías del Buen Salvaje y el Bárbaro en crónicas de los siglos y XVII . Revista Redes.Com, 6, 145-158
Leetoy, S. (2007). La Visión de los vencidos y la Brevissima relación: Trauma y denuncia en la construcción del sujeto indígena en México. I/C Revista científica de información y comunicación, 4, 154 -170.
Lippmann, W. (1965 [1922]). Public opinion. NY: Free Press,
Maltby, W. (1971). The Black Legend in England. The development of anti-Spanish sentiment, 1558–1660. Durham: Duke University Press.
Maura, J. F. (2006). La hispanofobia a través de algunos textos de la conquista de América: propaganda política y frivolidad académica. Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 58(2), 213-240.
McQuillan, M. and Byrne, E. (1999) Deconstructing Disney. London: Pluto.
Montero Jiménez, J. A. (2008). Imágenes, ideología y propaganda. La labor del Comité de Información Pública de los Estados Unidos en España (1917-1918). Hispania. Revista Española de Historia, 68 (228), 211-234.
Montrose, J. (1991). The Work of Gender in the Discourse of Discovery. Representations, 33. 1-41.
Paris, E. (2015). From Tolerance to Tyranny: A Cautionary Tale from Fifteenth-Century Spain. Toronto: Cormorant Books [Kindle edition]
Powell, P. W. (1971). Tree of hate. Propaganda and prejudices affecting United States relations with the Hispanic world. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Rabasa, J. (2000). Writing Violence on the Northern Frontier: The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century New Mexico and Florida and the Legacy of Conquest. Durham: Duke University Press.
Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. N.Y.: Vintage Books.
Sánchez, J.P. (2013). Comparative Colonialism, the Spanish Black Legend, and Spain's Legacy in the United States: Perspectives on American Latino Heritage and Our National Story. New Mexico: Spanish Colonial Research Center.
Seth, V. (2010). Men completely wild in appearance and way of life: Satyrs, Androgynes, Ichtyophages, Hippopodes, Sciopodes, Himantipodes, and Cyclopes. In K. Bassi & P. Euben (coords.) When Worlds Elide: Classics, Politics, Culture. N.Y.: Lexington Books.
Smoodin, E. (Ed.) (1994) Disney Discourse: Producing the Magic Kingdom. N.Y.: Routledge.
Taibo II, P. I. (2012). El Álamo. Una historia no apta para Hollywood. México: Planeta.
Weber, (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America (The Lamar Series in Western History). New Haven: Yale University Press.
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